International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Review
International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Review (IJHSSR) is a quarterly, open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed research journal committed to advancing scholarly work in humanities and social sciences. The journal welcomes high-quality submissions across all domains of humanities and social sciences, with a focus on disseminating original, rigorous, and impactful research that contributes meaningfully to these interdisciplinary fields. All manuscripts are evaluated based on originality, technical depth, and significance of contribution. The journal follows a double-blind peer-review process, which is undertaken within one (01) month of submission. Authors are formally notified of editorial decisions, accompanied by constructive and timely feedback, ensuring a transparent, efficient, and academically rigorous publication workflow. IJHSSR is published under the auspices of the Factum Research Institute (SMC-Private) Limited, a duly incorporated legal entity registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under Registration No.
Factum Research Institute (SMC-Private) Limited
PAKISTAN’S IMMIGRATION LANDSCAPE IN TRANSITION: REFUGEE CHALLENGES AND LEGISLATIVE REFORMS
The article “Building Bridges, Not Barriers: The Evolving Landscape of Immigration Laws in Pakistan, From Refugees to Reforms” underscores the growing significance of immigration law in an increasingly interconnected global environment. It highlights that, in a world defined by borders and mobility, effective immigration policies can foster collaboration and cross-cultural understanding rather than division. The discussion situates migration as a defining feature of the 21st century, shaping civilizations, economies, and cultures worldwide. Focusing on Pakistan’s strategic location at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, the article examines the country’s dual role as both a host and transit point for migrants seeking security and opportunity. It also addresses the challenges posed by unauthorized migration, which complicates policy enforcement and socio-economic management. Despite these challenges, migration is presented as a potential driver of cultural diversity and economic growth. The article argues for comprehensive, context-specific immigration reforms to balance humanitarian considerations with national security and development goals. Overall, it portrays Pakistan’s immigration landscape as one of both complexity and opportunity, calling for forward-looking legal frameworks that transform migration into a bridge for mutual progress and regional stability.
INNOVATION-DRIVEN APPROACHES TO TALENT MANAGEMENT IN STARTUPS
Startups frequently face challenges in attracting top talent due to their limited stability, resources, and brand recognition compared to established firms. However, effectively communicating their potential for growth and innovation can significantly enhance their appeal as employers. This study investigates how startups can leverage clear and strategic messaging about product innovation and future prospects to attract job seekers. A survey of business students was conducted, in which participants evaluated startups based on descriptions emphasizing growth potential and product innovativeness. The findings reveal that startups are perceived as more attractive employers when they explicitly communicate their vision for growth and highlight the novelty and uniqueness of their offerings. Moreover, perceived product innovativeness strongly influences job seekers’ interest and positive evaluation of the firm. These results suggest that entrepreneurs seeking to attract high-quality talent should prioritize transparent, compelling communication of their company’s innovative capabilities and long-term vision to strengthen their employer brand and competitive positioning in the labor market.
EXPLORING PERSONALITY TRAITS AND DIGITAL ADAPTATION: UNDERSTANDING TECHNOLOGY-MEDIATED UNIVERSITY ADJUSTMENT AMONG PAKISTANI STUDENTS
The transition to university marks a crucial developmental stage for emerging adults, where personality traits and digital engagement significantly influence adaptation. In Pakistan’s evolving higher education landscape, technology-mediated learning environments are becoming central, yet their interaction with personality-driven adjustment remains underexplored. This study investigates how the Big Five personality traits predict university adjustment in technology-enhanced contexts. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 77 students across Pakistani universities, including Hamdard University, GCUF, and Kinnaird College. Participants (aged 17–29) completed the University Adjustment Scale and the Big Five Personality Test. Correlational and regression analyses revealed that openness and extraversion positively predicted social adjustment, particularly through online interactions and virtual community participation (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). Conscientiousness was strongly associated with academic satisfaction and engagement in digital learning environments (r = 0.42, p < 0.01), while neuroticism correlated with homesickness and difficulty adapting to online systems (r = 0.28, p < 0.05). Living arrangements moderated these effects, with hostel residents showing greater reliance on digital tools for social connection. Findings highlight that personality traits play a pivotal role in technology-mediated adjustment, suggesting the need for personality-informed digital interventions to enhance student well-being and academic success in higher education.
EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND EMPLOYEE COMPETENCE ON STORE IMAGE AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY
In today’s highly competitive retail environment, attracting and retaining customers has become increasingly challenging, as numerous competitors vie for consumer attention and loyalty. Even high-quality products are no longer sufficient to guarantee success, as customer patience and confidence often diminish in the pursuit of better alternatives. Within this context, consumers’ perceptions of a store—shaped largely by their interactions with employees—can serve as either a significant advantage or a potential drawback. As retailers strive to differentiate themselves, understanding the factors that contribute to a positive store image becomes essential for fostering customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study investigates the impact of logistics performance, technology utilization, and employee competence on shaping store image and enhancing consumer satisfaction and loyalty. Data were collected from a sample of 200 respondents and analyzed using SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings highlight the importance of operational efficiency, technological advancement, and skilled workforce in building a strong store image and promoting long-term customer relationships.
EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF SUPPLY CHAIN DIGITALIZATION ON PERFORMANCE THROUGH INTEGRATION AND RESILIENCE: A MODERATED MEDIATION APPROACH
This study examines the interrelationships among Supply Chain Digitalization (SCD), Supply Chain Integration (SCI), Supply Chain Resilience (SCR), and Supply Chain Performance (SCP) within the context of contemporary global supply chain management. In an era characterized by rapid technological advancement and market volatility, organizations must adopt strategies that enhance both digital capabilities and resilience to sustain competitive performance. Data were collected from 106 professionals engaged in supply chain operations using a structured questionnaire. The results reveal that both SCI and SCP are significantly influenced by SCD, while SCR positively affects SCI. Moreover, SCR moderates the relationship between SCD and SCI, and SCI mediates the effects of SCD and SCR on SCP. These findings underscore the critical role of integration as a central mechanism through which digitalization and resilience drive superior supply chain performance. The study provides valuable insights for practitioners and researchers seeking to design resilient, digitally enabled, and high-performing supply chains.
EXPLORING THE KEY FACTORS SHAPING POSITIVE TEACHER–STUDENT RELATIONSHIPS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
This study investigates the key factors influencing the development of positive teacher–student relationships in primary classrooms. Data were collected from 322 Grade 5 students across 20 primary schools through a structured survey measuring teacher responsiveness, approachability, recognition of student efforts, and perceived classroom support. Descriptive analyses indicated that teacher responsiveness (M = 2.56, SD = 0.66) and perceived support (M = 2.64, SD = 0.59) were both significantly higher than the neutral benchmark (p < 0.001). Pearson correlation coefficients between interaction dimensions and overall relationship quality ranged from 0.68 to 0.76 (p < 0.01). Regression analysis identified perceived support as the strongest predictor of relationship quality (β = 0.28; R² = 0.72, F (6, 315) = 150.0, p < 0.001). The findings highlight the pivotal role of teacher responsiveness and supportive classroom practices in fostering strong teacher–student relationships, which are essential for promoting students’ academic performance and socio-emotional well-being.
FACTORS INFLUENCING DEVIANT BEHAVIOR AMONG EMPLOYEES IN SMALL-SCALE BUSINESSES
This study investigates factors contributing to deviant behavior among employees in small-scale businesses (SSBs). Surveying 250 employees from manufacturing, retail, and service sectors, key behaviors identified include task avoidance, theft, sabotage, extended breaks, and workplace gossip or conflicts. ANOVA and regression analyses reveal that workplace gossip and time-wasting have the strongest negative impacts on organizational performance. The findings highlight the complex nature of employee deviance and stress the need for targeted interventions to foster a healthier, more productive work environment in SSBs.
Behavior, Deviant, employees, workplace culture
INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY-LEVEL ESL WRITING INSTRUCTION IN PAKISTAN: PERSPECTIVES, PRACTICES, AND IMPACT
This study examines the integration of technology in university-level ESL writing instruction in Pakistan, focusing on instructors’ perspectives, practices, and impacts on student engagement and learning. Using a qualitative-dominant mixed methods approach—surveys, interviews, observations, and document analysis—the findings reveal widespread technology use and generally positive instructor attitudes. However, concerns about over-reliance and technical challenges highlight the need for balanced implementation. Framed by technological determinism and attitude theory, the study recommends enhanced teacher training, institutional support, and continuous evaluation to optimize technology’s educational benefits. This research offers valuable insights for ESL writing programs and future studies on technology in education.
AI IN PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF SCARP, A WORLD BANK-FUNDED PROJECT
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming public sector governance and accountability by efficiently processing vast, complex data in real-time. AI reduces reliance on human resources and enhances efficiency, particularly in managing financial datasets by detecting anomalies like overspending and inconsistencies. While developed countries have begun benefiting from AI, many Asia-Pacific nations still face challenges in leveraging its full potential. This case study of SCARP, a World Bank-funded project, explores how AI can support public sector policymakers and development institutions in improving transparency and service delivery.
FISCAL IMBALANCE: EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN PAKISTAN’S BUDGET DEFICIT, INFLATION, AND UNEMPLOYMENT
This study examines the impact of Pakistan’s budget deficit on inflation and unemployment, key macroeconomic variables critical for government policy and economic growth. Guided by Keynesian theory, three econometric models are used to analyze the relationship between budget deficit, inflation, and unemployment. Findings indicate that the budget deficit significantly influences both inflation and unemployment, highlighting the importance of sound fiscal policy in managing macroeconomic stability and promoting development.
ASSESSING DIFFERENCES IN JUNIOR ELEMENTARY TEACHERS’ READINESS AND RESPONSIVENESS TO BLENDED LEARNING
This study investigates the readiness and responsiveness of Junior Elementary School Teachers (JEST) toward blended learning in Shaheed Benazirabad district. Blended learning, combining face-to-face and online instruction, has gained global attention for enhancing student engagement and accommodating diverse learning styles. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected via a 5-point Likert survey from 200 junior and senior JEST teachers in Taluka Nawabshah and Sakrand. Independent t-tests revealed no significant differences in readiness between junior (2021–2022 recruits) and senior (2018–2020 recruits) teachers, nor in responsiveness between newly recruited male and female teachers. The findings highlight the need for improved infrastructure and targeted training programs to support effective blended learning implementation. Policymakers should prioritize internet connectivity, technological resources, and comprehensive teacher training to enhance digital literacy and educational quality.
This paper explores the political life and struggle of Shakir Buneri (1940–2024) from Bajkata village, Buner district. Son of the esteemed scholar Muhammad Yousaf, Buneri opposed the autocratic rule of Wali Swat, Mia Gul Jahan Zeb, and played a significant role in the merger of Swat State. Known as the first Buneri journalist, he contributed to various newspapers and journals. The study examines Buneri’s political activism during the Wali Swat era (1960–2003), including his exile in 1963 and subsequent alliances with Pakistani political leaders. His enduring political efforts highlight his resistance against autocracy and commitment to democratic reforms until his death in 2024.
TEMPERAMENT AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS PREDICTING BURNOUT IN CALL CENTER EMPLOYEES
This study examined temperament styles, psychosocial issues, and burnout tendency among 188 call center employees in Lahore (94 men, 94 women; ages 18–40; 1–21 years of experience). Using the Psychosocial Issues Scale, Temperament Scale, and Burnout Tendency Scale, Pearson correlation revealed significant positive relationships among these variables. Hierarchical regression identified age, work experience, impulsive temperament, and depressive symptoms as key predictors of burnout. Gender differences were significant, with men and women differing in burnout levels, while marital status and work shifts showed no impact. One-way ANOVA indicated significant differences across age groups and experience levels on study variables. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions in call centers to address psychosocial challenges and reduce burnout, ultimately enhancing employee well-being and productivity.
PSYCHACHE, LIFE SATISFACTION, AND HOPELESSNESS AMONG PATIENTS WITH MOOD DISORDERS
Mental health research increasingly highlights the psychological distress experienced by individuals with mood disorders. Core constructs such as psychache, hopelessness, and life satisfaction offer critical insight into their emotional and cognitive challenges. Psychache—intense emotional pain—is closely linked to suicidal ideation, while hopelessness fosters negative expectations about the future, worsening depression. In contrast, life satisfaction serves as a protective factor, enhancing resilience and overall well-being. This study explored the relationships among psychache, hopelessness, and life satisfaction in mood disorder outpatients using a quantitative survey of 100 participants. Validated tools—the Psychache Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale—were used for assessment. Results showed a strong positive correlation between psychache and hopelessness, and a negative correlation between both variables and life satisfaction. Additionally, older age and unemployment were associated with greater psychache and lower life satisfaction. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to reduce psychache, enhance life satisfaction, and provide socioeconomic support to improve mental health outcomes in mood disorder patients.
GREEN PURCHASE BEHAVIOR: KEY DRIVERS OF ECO-FRIENDLY CONSUMER CHOICES
This study investigates key factors influencing green purchase behavior (GPB) in Karachi, focusing on ecological consciousness (ECCB), willingness to pay (WTP), skepticism, social influence, and green purchase intention (GPI). Based on data from 203 respondents—55.7% male and 89.7% aged 25 35—regression analysis revealed that ECCB, WTP, and skepticism significantly affect GPI, while social influence does not. The model showed a strong predictive power for GPI (adjusted R² = 0.732), and GPI positively influenced GPB (adjusted R² = 0.442). The findings highlight that strong ecological awareness and reasonable pricing aligned with consumer expectations are critical for encouraging green purchases. However, overpricing based on environmental claims may deter potential buyers. The study recommends future research with a broader, more diverse sample to enhance generalizability.
Green purchase behavior (GPB), green purchase intention (GPI), ecological conscious consumer behavior (ECCB), willingness to pay (WTP), skepticism, social influence, sustainable consumption, sustainability, environmental marketing, and green products.
THE IMPACT OF ADAPTIVE TEACHING ON UNDERGRADUATE LANGUAGE SKILL DEVELOPMENT
Adaptive teaching offers personalized learning tailored to individual student needs, aiming for efficient and effective outcomes. At the university level, diverse student backgrounds—such as gender, age, language exposure, and academic experience—pose challenges for language skill development, particularly in writing. This quasi-experimental study was conducted with first-semester BS Management Sciences students at Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology. Sixty students were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (30 each). The experimental group received instruction through adaptive teaching, while the control group followed a conventional approach. Findings showed that students in the experimental group significantly improved their writing skills—measured by the CUNY assessment test—in areas such as application, essay, letter, paragraph, dialogue, and composition writing. Their pedagogical skills also improved in the post-test. No significant differences were found between the groups in pre-tests, confirming baseline equivalence. However, post-test results demonstrated clear advantages of adaptive teaching for language development. Conclusion: Adaptive teaching positively influences undergraduate students' language skills. It is recommended that this approach be adopted more widely in higher education, especially for teaching English as a foreign language.
SHIFTING GLOBAL POWER AND THE DECLINE OF WESTERN HEGEMONY
This study examines the decline of Western hegemony and the rise of emerging powers amid shifting global power dynamics. It analyzes key drivers behind the West’s relative decline—such as the 2008 financial crisis, deindustrialization, and the ascent of economies like China and India—and explores how these trends are reshaping global governance, security, and economic stability. Using qualitative analysis grounded in historical trends, economic data, and geopolitical case studies, the research highlights a transition toward multipolarity, with assertive roles from China and Russia. The study argues that to remain influential, Western powers must embrace cooperative frameworks, reform international institutions, and promote multilateralism and innovation to adapt to the evolving global order.
HEALTH GOVERNANCE IN KP: ANALYZING THE SEHAT SAHULAT PROGRAM
Health governance refers to the systems and structures guiding healthcare delivery. In Pakistan, the Sehat Sahulat Program (SSP)—a social health insurance initiative—seeks to improve access to quality care for low-income populations. This study evaluates the program’s strengths and shortcomings through interviews with healthcare workers, doctors, and beneficiaries at major public hospitals in Peshawar, including Lady Reading Hospital, Khyber Teaching Hospital, and Hayatabad Medical Complex. While SSP shows promise in expanding access, challenges persist, including substandard medication, weak accountability, mismanagement, and misuse by private facilities. The findings highlight the need for strategic reforms to enhance transparency, equity, and effectiveness in health service delivery.
PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCES OF E-LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS AMONG INSTRUCTORS AND STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
With technological advances and globalization reshaping higher education, e-learning has become a vital tool offering flexible and dynamic instructional delivery. This study explores the perceptions and experiences of both students and instructors regarding the effectiveness of e-learning systems. Data collected from higher education participants focused on satisfaction, productivity, usage patterns, and challenges encountered. Findings reveal that e-learning positively impacts student learning outcomes. Instructors primarily use these tools for content preparation and delivery, with most acknowledging that e-learning enhances teaching and learning processes. The study underscores the importance of evaluating user experiences to optimize e-learning implementation in higher education
NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: LESSONS FOR PAKISTAN – A CASE STUDY
This article explores the biology of aging and strategies to promote healthy longevity. It highlights the roles of hormone balance, stress management, sleep, and physical activity in slowing aging and preventing related diseases. Regular exercise, quality sleep, and stress reduction improve cognitive and physical function, while supplements like DHEA, melatonin, and NAD+ precursors support cellular repair. Emerging therapies such as senolytics, gene therapy, and personalized medicine offer promising avenues for extending lifespan. Together, these approaches combine lifestyle, technology, and medical advances to enhance health and independence with age.
Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI)
RUSSIA-UKRAINE TERRITORIAL DISPUTES AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPACT ON EUROPE: A CASE STUDY OF GERMANY
The 2022 full-scale war between Russia and Ukraine has had profound economic impacts beyond the conflict zone, affecting Europe broadly and Germany in particular. This paper explores the economic repercussions of the war on Europe, focusing on Germany’s vulnerabilities due to its historical dependence on Russian energy, analyzed through the lens of Dependency Theory. The conflict disrupted energy supplies, triggered inflation, and forced significant shifts in trade and industrial policies. The study examines Germany’s crisis response, highlighting its pivot toward renewable energy and diversification of energy sources. The findings illustrate how geopolitical conflicts can expose the economic fragility of advanced economies and emphasize the interconnectedness of global economic systems during crises.
TERRITORIAL DISPUTES BETWEEN SPAIN AND MOROCCO: GEOPOLITICAL TENSIONS AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS ON EUROPE – A CASE STUDY OF SPAIN
This article explores the geopolitical tensions and economic interests in Europe through a case study of Spain, focusing on territorial disputes with Morocco over Ceuta, Melilla, Perejil Island, and maritime claims near the Canary Islands. Employing a multidisciplinary approach—combining historical context, international law, and power politics—the study examines the impact of these disputes on bilateral relations, EU policy, migration management, trade, and regional security. Spain’s unique position as a geopolitical bridge between Europe and North Africa places it at the center of managing the wider fallout, including recent developments like Spain’s recognition of Morocco’s 2022 autonomy plan for Western Sahara and evolving EU-Morocco cooperation. Through analyses of crises, migration flows, and security responses, the research highlights how these tensions affect European stability. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for the EU, advocating enhanced dialogue, regional integration, and improved border governance.
EXPLORING 'LOVE LEADS TO PAIN' AS A CENTRAL THEME IN HEMINGWAY’S A FAREWELL TO ARMS: A CONTENT ANALYSIS
This study explores the major theme of "love leads to pain" in Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms to enhance reader understanding. Using qualitative textual analysis, it examines protagonist Henry’s journey from physical to spiritual love and the psychological suffering he endures following Catherine’s death. The research highlights love as a complex emotion often accompanied by loss and pain. It also identifies a gap for future studies to explore other factors beyond love that contribute to such suffering in the novel.
IMPACT OF INFLATION AND EXCHANGE RATES ON SOUTH ASIAN ECONOMIES: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY (2000–2024)
This study analyzes the impact of inflation and exchange rates on South Asian economies from 2000 to 2024, using panel data regression and Granger causality tests alongside qualitative policy reviews. Findings reveal that inflation and currency depreciation significantly hinder GDP growth and economic stability. Structural factors such as fiscal deficits, global commodity shocks, and monetary policies further influence inflation and exchange rate volatility. The study emphasizes the need for effective macroeconomic management, including inflation targeting and exchange rate stabilization, to promote sustainable growth. Policymakers are urged to adopt prudent monetary policies to control inflation and maintain currency stability, thereby improving trade competitiveness and attracting investment in the region.