International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Review
The International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Review (IJHSSR), ISSN (Online) 3106-776X and ISSN (Print) 3106-7751, is published by the Factum Research Institute (SMC-Private) Limited, registered under No. 0310960. IJHSSR is an open-access, quarterly peer-reviewed journal dedicated to promoting high-quality scholarly research in the field of social sciences. The journal follows a rigorous double-blind peer-review process and is committed to completing the review cycle within one month, after which authors are promptly informed of the editorial decision. This streamlined and transparent review system ensures the timely dissemination of original and impactful research. IJHSSR aims to achieve broad international circulation, enhance global academic visibility, and make a meaningful contribution to contemporary scholarly discourse within the humanities and social sciences.
Factum Research Institute (SMC-Private) Limited
WORKPLACE DEVIANCE IN SMALL-SCALE BUSINESSES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCING FACTORS
This study investigates factors contributing to deviant behavior among employees in small-scale businesses (SSBs). Surveying 250 employees from manufacturing, retail, and service sectors, key behaviors identified include task avoidance, theft, sabotage, extended breaks, and workplace gossip or conflicts. ANOVA and regression analyses reveal that workplace gossip and time-wasting have the strongest negative impacts on organizational performance. The findings highlight the complex nature of employee deviance and stress the need for targeted interventions to foster a healthier, more productive work environment in SSBs.
Behavior, Deviant, employees, workplace culture
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN PAKISTANI UNIVERSITY ESL WRITING CLASSROOMS
This study examines the integration of technology in university-level ESL writing instruction in Pakistan, focusing on instructors’ perspectives, practices, and impacts on student engagement and learning. Using a qualitative-dominant mixed methods approach—surveys, interviews, observations, and document analysis—the findings reveal widespread technology use and generally positive instructor attitudes. However, concerns about over-reliance and technical challenges highlight the need for balanced implementation. Framed by technological determinism and attitude theory, the study recommends enhanced teacher training, institutional support, and continuous evaluation to optimize technology’s educational benefits. This research offers valuable insights for ESL writing programs and future studies on technology in education
ESL Writing Instruction, Educational Technology, Instructor Perspectives
AI IN PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF SCARP, A WORLD BANK-FUNDED PROJECT
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming public sector governance and accountability by efficiently processing vast, complex data in real-time. AI reduces reliance on human resources and enhances efficiency, particularly in managing financial datasets by detecting anomalies like overspending and inconsistencies. While developed countries have begun benefiting from AI, many Asia-Pacific nations still face challenges in leveraging its full potential. This case study of SCARP, a World Bank-funded project, explores how AI can support public sector policymakers and development institutions in improving transparency and service delivery.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning, Data Analytics, Public Sector Governance, Quantitative Analysis, Asia Pacific Countries, Development Institutions
READINESS VERSUS RESPONSIVENESS: EVALUATING DIVERGENCES IN BLENDED LEARNING ADOPTION AMONG JUNIOR ELEMENTARY TEACHERS
This study investigates the readiness and responsiveness of Junior Elementary School Teachers (JEST) toward blended learning in Shaheed Benazirabad district. Blended learning, combining face-to-face and online instruction, has gained global attention for enhancing student engagement and accommodating diverse learning styles. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected via a 5-point Likert survey from 200 junior and senior JEST teachers in Taluka Nawabshah and Sakrand. Independent t-tests revealed no significant differences in readiness between junior (2021–2022 recruits) and senior (2018–2020 recruits) teachers, nor in responsiveness between newly recruited male and female teachers. The findings highlight the need for improved infrastructure and targeted training programs to support effective blended learning implementation. Policymakers should prioritize internet connectivity, technological resources, and comprehensive teacher training to enhance digital literacy and educational quality.
junior elementary school teachers, jest teachers responsiveness, jest teachers readiness, blended learning, secondary schools.
THE LIFE AND STRUGGLES OF SHAKIR BUNERI: RESISTANCE TO AUTOCRACY AND THE INTEGRATION OF SWAT STATE
This paper explores the political life and struggle of Shakir Buneri (1940–2024) from Bajkata village, Buner district. Son of the esteemed scholar Muhammad Yousaf, Buneri opposed the autocratic rule of Wali Swat, Mia Gul Jahan Zeb, and played a significant role in the merger of Swat State. Known as the first Buneri journalist, he contributed to various newspapers and journals. The study examines Buneri’s political activism during the Wali Swat era (1960–2003), including his exile in 1963 and subsequent alliances with Pakistani political leaders. His enduring political efforts highlight his resistance against autocracy and commitment to democratic reforms until his death in 2024.
RETHINKING ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION THROUGH COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND TRANSFORMATIVE STUDIO PEDAGOGY
Architectural education in Pakistan, established in 1954, faces the challenge of adapting to a rapidly evolving design and technology landscape. This study examines the integration of Computer-Aided Architectural Design (CAAD) within Pakistani architecture studios, highlighting the influence of historical educational practices. Critical obstacles identified include outdated infrastructure, theoretically focused curricula, and insufficient collaborative mechanisms necessary for effective technology adoption. Conducted in Fall 2023, the research implemented a CAAD integration framework in a fourth-year architecture studio at the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. Findings reveal gaps in pedagogical approaches, including limited student engagement, restricted access to modern tools such as CAAD and BIM, and inadequate training in emerging digital technologies. The study offers actionable recommendations for educators, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to enhance studio pedagogy, promote transformative learning, and advance digital competencies in architectural education
Digital Architecture Pedagogy, Studio Methodology, CAAD Integration, Transformative Pedagogy, Architectural Education
ASSESSING THE CONTRIBUTION OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND TECHNICAL TRAINING TO HUMAN CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN
This study investigates the impact of education, health, and technical training on Pakistan’s economic growth, alongside a review of government policies aimed at achieving sustainable development. The research is guided by three objectives: first, to estimate and analyze the effects of human capital, treated as a flow variable, on economic growth in Pakistan; second, to examine government policies related to health, education, and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and their contribution to economic development; and third, to identify policy implications and propose future strategies based on time-series data from 2001 to 2012. The findings indicate that human capital—measured through vocational training, school enrollment rates, patient-to-doctor ratios, labor force participation, and physical capital—exerts a significant positive effect on economic growth. These results underscore the importance of prioritizing human capital development in economic policy and strategic planning to foster sustainable growth
Human Capital, Economic Growth, Health, Education, Technical Training, TVET, Policy Implications
HEALTH AND EDUCATION AT RISK: ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN SINDH’S COASTAL COMMUNITIES
Climate change poses a significant challenge to vulnerable communities in developing countries, particularly in coastal regions. This study investigates the impacts of climate change on the socio-economic conditions, health, and education of populations residing in the coastal districts of Thatta and Badin in Sindh, Pakistan. Employing a quantitative survey approach, data were collected from 200 participants selected through a multi-stage sampling method. Findings highlight major climate-related events in the past five to ten years, including extreme heatwaves, irregular rainfall patterns, frequent flooding, rising sea levels, and increased soil erosion and salinity. These environmental changes have adversely affected local livelihoods, prompting population displacement and migration. Moreover, the health and educational outcomes of coastal residents have been significantly compromised. The study emphasizes the need for robust policy interventions, including resilient infrastructure development, enhanced disaster preparedness, and improved health and education services, to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change in Sindh’s coastal communities.
Climate change, Coastal communities, Socio-economic impact, Health, Education, Sindh, Pakistan
UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING ON STUDENT WELL-BEING AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN PAKISTAN’S UNIVERSITIES
This study examined the impact of psychological counseling services on student well-being and academic performance in Pakistani universities. Counseling services were found to play a critical role in enhancing students’ quality of life, supporting academic achievement, and facilitating adjustment to university environments. Contrary to common assumptions regarding tertiary students’ resilience, many students face emotional, social, and academic challenges that counseling effectively addresses. The research was conducted across four universities with a sample of 656 students, focusing on the contribution of counseling in developing coping strategies, social skills, and emotional intelligence. Interventions such as individual and group counseling, classroom guidance, and mindfulness activities were identified as pivotal in promoting both academic success and personal well-being. Findings highlighted the necessity for universities to prioritize psychological support to mitigate academic stress, enhance emotional resilience, and foster holistic student development. Statistical analyses revealed significant associations of ethnicity (χ² = 528.72, p < 0.001), marital status (χ² = 593.21, p < 0.001), and faculty (χ² = 662.18, p < 0.001) with students’ perceptions of counseling services, while gender (χ² = 1.048, p = 0.306) and university (χ² = 8.345, p = 0.065) were non-significant. Correlation analysis further indicated positive relationships between counseling effectiveness and awareness (r = 0.230, p < 0.05), available resources (r = 0.280, p < 0.05), and institutional policies (r = 0.425, p < 0.05). The study underscores the essential role of psychological support in fostering academic achievement, emotional well-being, and overall student growth in higher education settings in Pakistan
Psychological counseling services, student well-being, academic performance, coping strategies, emotional intelligence, higher education
INVESTIGATING REPEAT PURCHASE INTENTIONS AND CONSUMER LOYALTY ON DARAZ AND OLX IN PAKISTAN: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH
This study explores the dynamics of consumer loyalty in Pakistan’s e-commerce sector, with a particular focus on repeat buyers on leading platforms such as Daraz and OLX. The research investigates the key factors influencing consumer loyalty and examines how these platforms shape repeat purchase behavior. Employing a qualitative research design, data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions to understand the motivations behind consumers’ repeated purchases. The study identifies critical drivers of loyalty, including product quality, trust and security, user experience, customer service, and pricing strategies. Findings suggest that in Pakistan’s competitive e-commerce market, platforms can enhance consumer retention by prioritizing high-quality products, secure transactions, and exceptional customer service
Consumer Loyalty, E-Commerce, Repeat Buyers, Daraz, OLX
EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY OF EMOTIONAL LITERACY, SELF-COMPASSION, AND MINDSET ON TEACHERS’ WORKPLACE RESILIENCE: A MODERATED MEDIATION APPROACH
With growing attention on academic research, the role of teachers—the cornerstone of education—has become a focal point for investigating factors influencing professional effectiveness (Howard-Jones, 2014). This study examines the relationships among emotional literacy, self-compassion, mindset, and workplace buoyancy in teachers. A total of 168 teachers (mean age = 33.11; SD = 8.25; 25% men, 75% women) from public and private schools, colleges, and universities participated in an online survey during the pandemic, using purposive sampling. Demographic data were collected via a researcher-designed questionnaire, while emotional literacy, self-compassion, growth mindset, and workplace resilience were assessed using validated scales. Moderated mediation analyses revealed that growth mindset moderated the relationship between emotional awareness and workplace buoyancy, suggesting that teachers with a growth mindset exhibited higher resilience in navigating workplace challenges. Additionally, mindfulness significantly mediated the relationship between emotional regulation and workplace buoyancy, indicating that teachers’ awareness of their thoughts and emotions enhanced their ability to manage stress and maintain resilience. These findings underscore the critical role of emotional literacy and mindset in fostering teacher resilience and performance. The study recommends implementing resilience programs for educators that integrate mindfulness practices and promote a growth mindset to strengthen workplace buoyancy.
Emotional literacy, self-compassion, growth mindset, mindfulness, workplace buoyancy, teacher resilience.
ENHANCING UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIPS THROUGH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PARKS IN PAKISTAN
In recent years, science and technology parks (STPs) have been increasingly leveraged as policy instruments to stimulate innovation and develop knowledge-based clusters in both developed and developing countries. These parks are intended to provide firms with resources to enhance technological and innovative capabilities. This study examines the role of STPs in facilitating university-industry interactions within the context of a developing country. A case study of Software Technology Parks (STPs) in Islamabad, Pakistan, served as the primary data source. Findings indicate that STPs in Islamabad have a limited impact on strengthening academic-industry linkages, with only 19% of firms reporting connections to higher education institutions. Among these, linkages were predominantly focused on human resources (19%) or informal collaborations (12.5%). The study highlights the need for policy interventions and strategic initiatives to enhance the effectiveness of STPs in promoting meaningful university-industry partnerships in Pakistan.
Science and Technology Parks, Software Technology Parks, University-Industry Linkages, Innovation, Knowledge Clusters
CUSTOMER PURCHASE INTENTIONS AND MAILBAG MARKETING: INSIGHTS FROM KARACHI’S FAST-FOOD INDUSTRY
This study investigates the influence of online customer reviews on purchase intentions among fast-food restaurant consumers in Karachi. Existing literature highlights a gap in research addressing the role of online reviews in shaping customer behavior in Asian developing markets, particularly through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior. To address this, the study employs theoretical triangulation to ensure model validity and contextual relevance. Data were collected via convenience sampling from 275 customers of local fast-food restaurants. Statistical analysis using SMART-PLS 3.0 indicates that online customer reviews significantly impact customers’ purchase intentions. However, intense competition within the fast-food sector may mitigate this effect, reducing customer preference for specific outlets. These findings underscore the strategic importance of managing online reviews and competitive positioning in enhancing consumer purchase behavior.
Online Customer Reviews, Purchase Intention, Customer Attitude, Competition, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Fast-Food Industry, Karachi
TEACHERS AND MANAGEMENT IN SINDH’S TVET: IMPACT ON PROGRAM QUALITY AND STUDENT OUTCOMES
This study investigates the influence of teachers and institutional management on technical and vocational education (TVE) in Sindh, Pakistan, with particular emphasis on curriculum quality, teacher training, industry engagement, and graduate employability. Research was conducted across six major districts: Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana, Jacobabad, and Mirpurkhas. Employing a mixed-methods design, the study combined quantitative surveys (N = 300) with focus group discussions involving 30 stakeholders, including teachers, students, administrators, and industry representatives. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, indicate that the quality of teacher training has a significant impact on graduate employability (p < 0.01). Key challenges identified include outdated curricula, limited modern resources, and weak industry linkages. The study recommends curriculum modernization, enhanced teacher training, stronger partnerships with industry, and the integration of digital skills to improve employment outcomes in Sindh’s vocational sector.
Technical and vocational education, teacher training, industry collaboration, employability, Sindh, mixed-methods
EXPLORING REPEAT PURCHASE BEHAVIOR ON DARAZ AND OLX: QUALITATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON CONSUMER LOYALTY IN PAKISTAN
PAKISTAN’S IMMIGRATION LANDSCAPE IN TRANSITION: REFUGEE CHALLENGES AND LEGISLATIVE REFORMS
The article “Building Bridges, Not Barriers: The Evolving Landscape of Immigration Laws in Pakistan, From Refugees to Reforms” underscores the growing significance of immigration law in an increasingly interconnected global environment. It highlights that, in a world defined by borders and mobility, effective immigration policies can foster collaboration and cross-cultural understanding rather than division. The discussion situates migration as a defining feature of the 21st century, shaping civilizations, economies, and cultures worldwide. Focusing on Pakistan’s strategic location at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, the article examines the country’s dual role as both a host and transit point for migrants seeking security and opportunity. It also addresses the challenges posed by unauthorized migration, which complicates policy enforcement and socio-economic management. Despite these challenges, migration is presented as a potential driver of cultural diversity and economic growth. The article argues for comprehensive, context-specific immigration reforms to balance humanitarian considerations with national security and development goals. Overall, it portrays Pakistan’s immigration landscape as one of both complexity and opportunity, calling for forward-looking legal frameworks that transform migration into a bridge for mutual progress and regional stability.
INNOVATION-DRIVEN APPROACHES TO TALENT MANAGEMENT IN STARTUPS
Startups frequently face challenges in attracting top talent due to their limited stability, resources, and brand recognition compared to established firms. However, effectively communicating their potential for growth and innovation can significantly enhance their appeal as employers. This study investigates how startups can leverage clear and strategic messaging about product innovation and future prospects to attract job seekers. A survey of business students was conducted, in which participants evaluated startups based on descriptions emphasizing growth potential and product innovativeness. The findings reveal that startups are perceived as more attractive employers when they explicitly communicate their vision for growth and highlight the novelty and uniqueness of their offerings. Moreover, perceived product innovativeness strongly influences job seekers’ interest and positive evaluation of the firm. These results suggest that entrepreneurs seeking to attract high-quality talent should prioritize transparent, compelling communication of their company’s innovative capabilities and long-term vision to strengthen their employer brand and competitive positioning in the labor market.
EXPLORING PERSONALITY TRAITS AND DIGITAL ADAPTATION: UNDERSTANDING TECHNOLOGY-MEDIATED UNIVERSITY ADJUSTMENT AMONG PAKISTANI STUDENTS
The transition to university marks a crucial developmental stage for emerging adults, where personality traits and digital engagement significantly influence adaptation. In Pakistan’s evolving higher education landscape, technology-mediated learning environments are becoming central, yet their interaction with personality-driven adjustment remains underexplored. This study investigates how the Big Five personality traits predict university adjustment in technology-enhanced contexts. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 77 students across Pakistani universities, including Hamdard University, GCUF, and Kinnaird College. Participants (aged 17–29) completed the University Adjustment Scale and the Big Five Personality Test. Correlational and regression analyses revealed that openness and extraversion positively predicted social adjustment, particularly through online interactions and virtual community participation (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). Conscientiousness was strongly associated with academic satisfaction and engagement in digital learning environments (r = 0.42, p < 0.01), while neuroticism correlated with homesickness and difficulty adapting to online systems (r = 0.28, p < 0.05). Living arrangements moderated these effects, with hostel residents showing greater reliance on digital tools for social connection. Findings highlight that personality traits play a pivotal role in technology-mediated adjustment, suggesting the need for personality-informed digital interventions to enhance student well-being and academic success in higher education.
EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND EMPLOYEE COMPETENCE ON STORE IMAGE AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY
In today’s highly competitive retail environment, attracting and retaining customers has become increasingly challenging, as numerous competitors vie for consumer attention and loyalty. Even high-quality products are no longer sufficient to guarantee success, as customer patience and confidence often diminish in the pursuit of better alternatives. Within this context, consumers’ perceptions of a store—shaped largely by their interactions with employees—can serve as either a significant advantage or a potential drawback. As retailers strive to differentiate themselves, understanding the factors that contribute to a positive store image becomes essential for fostering customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study investigates the impact of logistics performance, technology utilization, and employee competence on shaping store image and enhancing consumer satisfaction and loyalty. Data were collected from a sample of 200 respondents and analyzed using SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings highlight the importance of operational efficiency, technological advancement, and skilled workforce in building a strong store image and promoting long-term customer relationships.
EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF SUPPLY CHAIN DIGITALIZATION ON PERFORMANCE THROUGH INTEGRATION AND RESILIENCE: A MODERATED MEDIATION APPROACH
This study examines the interrelationships among Supply Chain Digitalization (SCD), Supply Chain Integration (SCI), Supply Chain Resilience (SCR), and Supply Chain Performance (SCP) within the context of contemporary global supply chain management. In an era characterized by rapid technological advancement and market volatility, organizations must adopt strategies that enhance both digital capabilities and resilience to sustain competitive performance. Data were collected from 106 professionals engaged in supply chain operations using a structured questionnaire. The results reveal that both SCI and SCP are significantly influenced by SCD, while SCR positively affects SCI. Moreover, SCR moderates the relationship between SCD and SCI, and SCI mediates the effects of SCD and SCR on SCP. These findings underscore the critical role of integration as a central mechanism through which digitalization and resilience drive superior supply chain performance. The study provides valuable insights for practitioners and researchers seeking to design resilient, digitally enabled, and high-performing supply chains.
EXPLORING THE KEY FACTORS SHAPING POSITIVE TEACHER–STUDENT RELATIONSHIPS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
This study investigates the key factors influencing the development of positive teacher–student relationships in primary classrooms. Data were collected from 322 Grade 5 students across 20 primary schools through a structured survey measuring teacher responsiveness, approachability, recognition of student efforts, and perceived classroom support. Descriptive analyses indicated that teacher responsiveness (M = 2.56, SD = 0.66) and perceived support (M = 2.64, SD = 0.59) were both significantly higher than the neutral benchmark (p < 0.001). Pearson correlation coefficients between interaction dimensions and overall relationship quality ranged from 0.68 to 0.76 (p < 0.01). Regression analysis identified perceived support as the strongest predictor of relationship quality (β = 0.28; R² = 0.72, F (6, 315) = 150.0, p < 0.001). The findings highlight the pivotal role of teacher responsiveness and supportive classroom practices in fostering strong teacher–student relationships, which are essential for promoting students’ academic performance and socio-emotional well-being.
FACTORS INFLUENCING DEVIANT BEHAVIOR AMONG EMPLOYEES IN SMALL-SCALE BUSINESSES
INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY-LEVEL ESL WRITING INSTRUCTION IN PAKISTAN: PERSPECTIVES, PRACTICES, AND IMPACT
This study examines the integration of technology in university-level ESL writing instruction in Pakistan, focusing on instructors’ perspectives, practices, and impacts on student engagement and learning. Using a qualitative-dominant mixed methods approach—surveys, interviews, observations, and document analysis—the findings reveal widespread technology use and generally positive instructor attitudes. However, concerns about over-reliance and technical challenges highlight the need for balanced implementation. Framed by technological determinism and attitude theory, the study recommends enhanced teacher training, institutional support, and continuous evaluation to optimize technology’s educational benefits. This research offers valuable insights for ESL writing programs and future studies on technology in education.
FISCAL IMBALANCE: EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN PAKISTAN’S BUDGET DEFICIT, INFLATION, AND UNEMPLOYMENT
This study examines the impact of Pakistan’s budget deficit on inflation and unemployment, key macroeconomic variables critical for government policy and economic growth. Guided by Keynesian theory, three econometric models are used to analyze the relationship between budget deficit, inflation, and unemployment. Findings indicate that the budget deficit significantly influences both inflation and unemployment, highlighting the importance of sound fiscal policy in managing macroeconomic stability and promoting development.
ASSESSING DIFFERENCES IN JUNIOR ELEMENTARY TEACHERS’ READINESS AND RESPONSIVENESS TO BLENDED LEARNING
TEMPERAMENT AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS PREDICTING BURNOUT IN CALL CENTER EMPLOYEES
This study examined temperament styles, psychosocial issues, and burnout tendency among 188 call center employees in Lahore (94 men, 94 women; ages 18–40; 1–21 years of experience). Using the Psychosocial Issues Scale, Temperament Scale, and Burnout Tendency Scale, Pearson correlation revealed significant positive relationships among these variables. Hierarchical regression identified age, work experience, impulsive temperament, and depressive symptoms as key predictors of burnout. Gender differences were significant, with men and women differing in burnout levels, while marital status and work shifts showed no impact. One-way ANOVA indicated significant differences across age groups and experience levels on study variables. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions in call centers to address psychosocial challenges and reduce burnout, ultimately enhancing employee well-being and productivity.
PSYCHACHE, LIFE SATISFACTION, AND HOPELESSNESS AMONG PATIENTS WITH MOOD DISORDERS
Mental health research increasingly highlights the psychological distress experienced by individuals with mood disorders. Core constructs such as psychache, hopelessness, and life satisfaction offer critical insight into their emotional and cognitive challenges. Psychache—intense emotional pain—is closely linked to suicidal ideation, while hopelessness fosters negative expectations about the future, worsening depression. In contrast, life satisfaction serves as a protective factor, enhancing resilience and overall well-being. This study explored the relationships among psychache, hopelessness, and life satisfaction in mood disorder outpatients using a quantitative survey of 100 participants. Validated tools—the Psychache Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale—were used for assessment. Results showed a strong positive correlation between psychache and hopelessness, and a negative correlation between both variables and life satisfaction. Additionally, older age and unemployment were associated with greater psychache and lower life satisfaction. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to reduce psychache, enhance life satisfaction, and provide socioeconomic support to improve mental health outcomes in mood disorder patients.
GREEN PURCHASE BEHAVIOR: KEY DRIVERS OF ECO-FRIENDLY CONSUMER CHOICES
This study investigates key factors influencing green purchase behavior (GPB) in Karachi, focusing on ecological consciousness (ECCB), willingness to pay (WTP), skepticism, social influence, and green purchase intention (GPI). Based on data from 203 respondents—55.7% male and 89.7% aged 25 35—regression analysis revealed that ECCB, WTP, and skepticism significantly affect GPI, while social influence does not. The model showed a strong predictive power for GPI (adjusted R² = 0.732), and GPI positively influenced GPB (adjusted R² = 0.442). The findings highlight that strong ecological awareness and reasonable pricing aligned with consumer expectations are critical for encouraging green purchases. However, overpricing based on environmental claims may deter potential buyers. The study recommends future research with a broader, more diverse sample to enhance generalizability.
Green purchase behavior (GPB), green purchase intention (GPI), ecological conscious consumer behavior (ECCB), willingness to pay (WTP), skepticism, social influence, sustainable consumption, sustainability, environmental marketing, and green products.